Although recent issues involving health misinformation have emerged related to the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has been a problem in many other areas related to wellness and healthcare. Misinformation isn’t a new issue, but the internet and social media have supercharged the ability for it to spread. This article helps explain the nature of the problem, why people may be inclined to believe information that is not grounded in science, and what nurses and nurse practitioners can do to counteract misinformation.
The wealth of health information available online can be beneficial for patients, but only if that information is accurate. Although recent issues on misinformation have centered on the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has been a problem in many other areas related to wellness and healthcare, such as dieting, exercise, and vitamins and supplements. Although misinformation isn’t new, the internet and social media have supercharged the ability for it to spread.
Nurses and nurse practitioners have the power to counteract misinformation, but first, they need to understand the nature of the problem and why people may be inclined to believe information that is not grounded in science.
Misinformation overview
Two definitions help better understand this issue. Misinformation refers to claims that conflict with the best available scientific evidence. Disinformation refers to a coordinated or deliberate effort to spread misinformation for personal benefit, such as to gain money, power, or influence. An example of misinformation is the false claim that sugar causes hyperactivity in children. An example of disinformation is a company that makes false scientific claims about the efficacy of their product to boost sales. This article focuses on misinformation.
People increasingly seek health information online through sources such as search engines, health-related websites, YouTube videos, and apps. Unfortunately, misinformation can occur at all these points, as well as via blogs, social media platforms, and user comments on articles or posts. Even when not actively seeking health information, people can be exposed to it through media outlets such as print, TV, and streaming networks.
Why do people believe misinformation?
Several factors can lead to people accepting misinformation:
Health literacy. Health literacy refers not only to the ability to read and understand health information, but the appraisal and application of knowledge. People with lower levels of health literacy may be less able to critically assess the quality of online information, leading to flawed decision-making. One particular problem is that content is frequently written at a level that is too high for most consumers.
Distrust in institutions. Past experiences with the healthcare system can influence a person’s willingness to trust the information provided. This includes not only experiences as an individual but also experiences of those in groups people affiliate with. Many people of color and those with disabilities, for example, have had experiences with healthcare providers where they did not feel heard or received substandard care, eroding trust. In some cases, healthcare providers have lied, as was the case with the Tuskegee syphilis study of Black men; the men were not told they had the disease or offered treatment. In addition, some people have an inherent distrust of government, leading them to turn to alternative sources of information that state government-provided facts are not correct.
Emotions. Emotions can play a role in both the spread and acceptance of misinformation. For example, false information tends to spread faster than true information, possibly because of the emotions it elicits. And Chou and colleagues note that during a crisis when emotions are high, people feel more secure and in control when they have information—even when that information is incorrect.
Cognitive bias. This refers to the tendency to seek out evidence that supports a person’s own point of view while ignoring evidence that does not. If the misinformation supports their view, they might accept it even when it’s incorrect.
How to combat misinformation
Recommending resources, teaching consumers how to evaluate resources, and communicating effectively can help reduce the negative effects of misinformation.
Recommendations. In many cases, patients and families feel they have a trusting relationship with their healthcare providers. Nurses can leverage that trust by recommending credible sources of health information. Villarruel and James note that before making a recommendation, nurses should consider the appropriateness of the source. For example, a source may be credible, but the vocabulary used may be at too high a level for the patient to understand. And someone who prefers visual learning will not appreciate a website that is dense with text. Kington and colleagues suggest using these foundational principles when evaluating sources:
- Science-based: The source provides information consistent with the best scientific evidence available and meets standards for creation, review, and presentation of scientific content.
- Objective: The source takes steps to reduce the influence of financial and other forms of conflict of interest or bias that could compromise or be perceived to compromise the quality of the information provided.
- Transparent and accountable: The source discloses limitations of the provided information, conflicts of interest, content errors, or procedural missteps.
Another tool for evaluating sources of health information is the
CRAAP test (
Currency,
Relevance,
Authority,
Accuracy, and
Purpose), which focuses on evaluating the accuracy of research. It consists of
multiple questions in each category. For a more concise tool, nurses can turn to the algorithm, developed by Kington and colleagues, for assessing the credibility of online health information.
Although the tendency is to recommend government sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health, as noted earlier, some people do not trust the government. In this case, sources such as MedlinePlus, World Health Organization, and condition-specific nonprofit organizations (e.g., the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, Alzheimer’s Association) might be preferred.
Education. The sheer scope of the information found online can make it difficult for even the most astute consumer to determine what is accurate. Nurses can help patients by providing tools they can use to evaluate what they read. The website
Stronger suggests a four-step process for checking for misinformation.
- Check the source. Is the website or person known for conflating facts and opinions?
- Check the date. Is it implied that the information is recent even though it’s not? Is there more current information available elsewhere?
- Check the data and motive. What is the original source of the information? Are they just looking for anything that supports their own worldview?
UCSF Health provides a useful short overview for patients on how to evaluate the credibility (e.g., authors’ credentials) and accuracy (e.g., whether other sources support the information) of health information and red flags to watch for (e.g., outdated information, no evidence cites, poor grammar).
Communication. Communication is the best way to correct misinformation and stop its spread. This starts with the nurse clearly explaining the evidence for recommended interventions. From the start, the nurse should establish the principle of shared decision-making, which encourages open discussion.
A toolkit from the
U.S. Surgeon General on misinformation recommends that nurses take time to understand each person’s knowledge, beliefs, and values and to listen with empathy. It’s best to take a proactive approach and create an environment that encourages patients and families to share their thoughts and concerns (see “A proactive approach”). Nurses should remain calm, unemotional, and nonjudgmental.
Nurses also can prepare for conversations where they know misinformation may occur such as vaccination. For example, the CDC has a page on its website that
addresses infant vaccination. It includes resources such as responses to possible questions.
Listening and providing information may not be enough. In some cases, a patient may not want to hear what the nurse is saying. When patients become angry or frustrated, the nurse should remain calm. It can be helpful to acknowledge the frustration (“I can see that you are upset.”) Depending on the situation, it may be possible to briefly summarize key points before reinforcing the desire to provide information to support the patient and then move on to another topic. The goal is to maintain a positive nurse-patient relationship, which leaves the door open to further conversation.
A proactive approach
Villarruel and James provide the following suggestions for talking with patients about misinformation:
- Acknowledge the barrage of health information that is available online and through other sources and the difficulty of “knowing who and what to trust.” (“I know there’s a great deal of information about COVID-19 and not all of it is the same. Sometimes, it’s hard to sort it out and know what to trust.”)
- Assess where patients and families obtain their health information and what sources they trust. Keep in mind that even when a source is credible, a person may not trust it, and a person may trust a site that is not credible. (“Where do you get most of your information about COVID-19? What makes that a trusted source for you?”)
- Provide alternative and accurate sources of information. (“I’m not familiar with that website, but I’ll look at it and let you know what I think. In the meantime, here’s where I get information and why I trust it.”)
- When correcting misinformation be nonjudgmental. (“I’ve heard similar information about not getting vaccinated. Here’s what I’ve learned from the science and why I believe getting vaccinated is important and safe.”)
Source: Villarruel AM, James R. Preventing the spread of misinformation. Am Nurs J. 2022;17(2):22-26.
https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-the-spread-of-misinformation/
Documentation
As with any patient education, it’s important to document discussions related to misinformation in the patient’s health record. Nurses should objectively record what occurred and include any education material they provided. Should the patient experience harm as a result of following misinformation instead of the recommended treatment plan, this documentation would demonstrate the nurse’s efforts and could help avoid legal action.
A positive connection
Nurses can serve as a counterbalance to the misinformation that is widely available online. Providing useful resources, educating consumers, and engaging in open dialogue will promote the ability of patients to receive accurate information so they can make informed decisions about their care.
By Georgia Reiner, MS, CPHRM, Risk Analyst, Nurses Service Organization (NSO)
REFERENCES
CDC. How to address COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/addressing-vaccine-misinformation.html
CDC. Talking with parents about vaccines for infants. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-schedules/child-easyread.html
CDC. The U.S. public health service syphilis study at Tuskegee. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/index.html
Chou W-YS, Gaysynsky A, Vanderpool RC. The COVID-19 misinfodemic: Moving beyond fact-checking. Health Educ Behav. 2020;1090198120980675:1-5.
Kington RS, Arnesen S, Chou W-YS, Curry SJ, Lazer D, and Villarruel AM. Identifying credible sources of health information in social media: Principles and attributes. NAM Perspect. 2021:10.31478/202107a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8486420/
Kurpiel S. Evaluating Sources: The CRAAP Test. Benedictine University. 2022. https://researchguides.ben.edu/source-evaluation
Office of the Surgeon General. A Community Toolkit for Addressing Health Misinformation. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/health-misinformation-toolkit-english.pdf
Stronger. How to spot misinformation. n.d. https://stronger.org/resources/how-to-spot-misinformation
Schulz PJ, Nakamoto K. The perils of misinformation: When health literacy goes awry. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-021-00534-z
Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D. Public health and online misinformation: Challenges and recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health. 2020;41:433-451.
UCSF Health. Evaluating health information. n.d. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/evaluating-health-information
Villarruel AM, James R. Preventing the spread of misinformation. Am Nurs J. 2022;17(2):22-26. https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-the-spread-of-misinformation/
Disclaimer:
The information offered within this article reflects general principles only and does not constitute legal advice by Nurses Service Organization (NSO) or establish appropriate or acceptable standards of professional conduct. Readers should consult with an attorney if they have specific concerns. Neither Affinity Insurance Services, Inc. nor NSO assumes any liability for how this information is applied in practice or for the accuracy of this information. Please note that Internet hyperlinks cited herein are active as of the date of publication but may be subject to change or discontinuation.
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